The causes of pulmonary edema

The causes of pulmonary edema include all except 

A. Increased negative pressure
B. Increased pulmonary arteriolar pressure
C. Increased pulmonary capillary permeability
D. Increased plasma colloid pressure

Ans. D) 

        Increased plasma colloid pressure: Causes of Increased interstitial fluid volume and edema

Increased filtration pressure:-

·         Arterial dilatation

·         Venular constriction

·         Increased venous pressure (heart failure, incompetent valves, venous obstruction, increased total ECF volume, effect of gravity, etc.)

·         Decreased osmotic pressure gradient across capillary